Very varied. The first classifications of climates appeared as early as the 70s of the 19th century and were of a descriptive nature. According to the classification of professor of Moscow State University B.P. Alisov, there are 7 types of climates on Earth, which make up climatic zones. 4 of them are main, and 3 are transitional. The main types are:
Equatorial climate zone. This type of climate is characterized by the dominance of the equatorial throughout the year. On the days of the spring (March 21) and autumn (September 21) equinoxes, the Sun is at its zenith above the equator and heats the Earth strongly. The air temperature in this climatic zone is constant (+24-28°C). At sea, temperature fluctuations can generally be less than 1°. The annual amount of precipitation is significant (up to 3000 mm), on the windward slopes of the mountains precipitation can fall up to 6000 mm. The amount of precipitation here exceeds evaporation, therefore, in the equatorial climate, they are swampy, and thick and high grow on them. On the climate given belt The trade winds also have an influence, bringing here an abundance of precipitation. The equatorial type of climate is formed over the northern regions; on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, above the basin and headwaters, including the shores of Lake Victoria in Africa; over most of the Indonesian archipelago and adjacent parts and the Pacific Oceans in Asia.
Tropical climate zone. This type of climate forms two tropical climatic zones (in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres) over the following territories.
In this type of climate, the state of the atmosphere over the mainland and the ocean is different, therefore, a continental tropical climate and an oceanic tropical climate are distinguished.
Continental climate zone: a large area is dominated by the region, so there is very little precipitation here (from 100-250 mm). The mainland tropical climate is characterized by very hot summers (+35-40°C). In winter the temperature is much lower (+10-15°С). The daily fluctuations in temperature are great (up to 40 °C). The absence of clouds in the sky leads to the formation of clear and cold nights (clouds could trap the heat coming from the Earth). Sharp daily and seasonal temperature changes contribute, which gives a lot of sand and dust. They are picked up by the winds and can be carried over considerable distances. These dusty sandstorms are a great danger to the traveler.
Mainland tropical climates The western and eastern coasts of the continents are very different from each other. Along the western shores South America, Africa and cold currents pass, so the climate here is characterized by relatively low air temperature (+ 18-20 ° C) and low rainfall (less than 100 mm). Warm currents pass along the eastern coasts of these continents, so the temperatures are higher here and there is more precipitation.
Oceanic tropical climate similar to the equatorial, but differs from it by smaller and more stable winds. Summer over the oceans is not so hot (+20-27°С), and winter is cool (+10-15°С). Precipitation falls mainly in summer (up to 50 mm). Moderate. There is a significant influence of westerly winds, bringing precipitation throughout the year. Summer in this climatic zone is moderately warm (from +10°С to +25-28°С). Winter is cold (from +4°С to -50°С). Annual precipitation is from 1000 mm to 3000 mm along the outskirts of the mainland and up to 100 mm in the interior. There are clear differences between the seasons. This type of climate also forms two belts in the Northern and Southern hemispheres and is formed over the territories temperate latitudes(from 40-45 ° north and south latitude to the polar circles). An area is formed over these territories low pressure, active cyclonic activity. Temperate climate is divided into two subtypes:
The monsoon subtype of the temperate climate, which prevails in the east of Eurasia to Korea and in the north, in the northeast, is characterized by a change in stable winds (monsoons) by season, which affects the amount and pattern of precipitation. In winter, a cold wind blows from the continent, so the winter is clear and cold (-20-27°C). In summer, winds bring warm, rainy weather. In Kamchatka, 1600 to 2000 mm of precipitation falls.
All subtypes of the temperate climate are dominated by only temperate air masses.
Polar type of climate. Above 70 ° north and 65 ° south latitudes dominates polar climate, forming two belts: and . Polar air masses dominate here throughout the year. The sun does not appear at all for several months (polar night) and does not go below the horizon for several months (polar day). Snow and ice radiate more heat than they receive, so the air is very cold and does not melt all year round. Throughout the year, these territories are dominated by the region. high pressure, so the winds are weak, there are almost no clouds. There is very little precipitation, the air is saturated with small ice needles. Settling, they give a total of only 100 mm of precipitation per year. average temperature summer does not exceed 0°С, and winters -20-40°С. Long drizzle is typical for summer.
Equatorial, tropical, temperate, polar types of climate are considered the main ones, since within their zones the air masses characteristic of them dominate throughout the year. Between the main climatic zones are transitional, having the prefix "sub" in the name (Latin "under"). In transitional climatic zones, air masses change seasonally. They come here from neighboring belts. This is explained by the fact that as a result of the movement of the Earth around its axis, the climatic zones shift to the north, then to the south.
There are three additional types of climate:
subequatorial climate. In summer, this zone is dominated by equatorial air masses, and in winter - by tropical ones.
Summer: a lot of precipitation (1000-3000 mm), average +30°С. The sun reaches its zenith in spring and scorches mercilessly.
Winter is cooler than summer (+14°C). There is little rainfall. The soils dry out after the summer rains, so in the subequatorial climate, unlike the equatorial climate, swamps are rare. The territory is favorable for human settlement, therefore it is here that many centers of the emergence of civilization are located -, Indochina,. According to N.I. , it is from here that many varieties of cultivated plants originated. The northern subequatorial belt includes: South America (Isthmus of Panama,); Africa (Sahel belt); Asia (India, all of Indochina, South China,). The southern subequatorial belt includes: South America (Amazon lowland,); Africa (center and east of the mainland); (northern coast of the mainland).
subtropical climate. Tropical air masses dominate here in summer, while air masses of temperate latitudes, carrying precipitation, invade here in winter. This determines the following weather in these areas: hot, dry summer (from +30 to +50°C) and relatively Cold winter with precipitation, sustainable snow cover is not formed. The annual rainfall is about 500 mm. Inside the continents in subtropical latitudes, there is little precipitation in winter. The climate of dry subtropics dominates here with hot summers (up to +50°С) and unstable winters, when frosts down to -20°С are possible. In these areas, precipitation is 120 mm or less. In the western parts of the continents, it dominates, which is characterized by hot, cloudy summers without precipitation and cool, windy and rainy winters. More precipitation falls in the Mediterranean climate than in the dry subtropics. The annual amount of precipitation here is 450-600 mm. The Mediterranean climate is extremely favorable for human life, which is why the most famous summer resorts are located here. Valuable subtropical crops are grown here: citrus fruits, grapes, olives.
The subtropical climate of the eastern shores of the continents is monsoonal. Winter here compared to other climates subtropical belt cold and dry, and summers are hot (+25°С) and humid (800 mm). This is due to the influence of the monsoons, blowing from land to sea in winter, and from sea to land in summer, bringing precipitation in summer. monsoonal subtropical climate well expressed only in the Northern Hemisphere, especially on the east coast of Asia. Heavy rainfall in summer time give the opportunity to develop magnificent. On fertile soils, it is developed here, supporting the life of more than a billion people.
subpolar climate. In summer, humid air masses come here from temperate latitudes, so the summer is cool (from +5 to +10 ° C) and about 300 mm of precipitation falls (in the northeast of Yakutia 100 mm). As elsewhere, precipitation increases on windward slopes. Despite not a large number of precipitation, moisture does not have time to evaporate completely, therefore, in the north of Eurasia and North America, small lakes are scattered in the subpolar zone, and large areas are swamped. In winter, the weather in this climate is influenced by arctic and antarctic air masses, so there are long, cold winters, temperatures can reach as low as -50°C. Subpolar climatic zones are located only on the northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America and in Antarctic waters.
The Earth has a very diverse climate for the reason that the planet heats up unevenly, as well as uneven precipitation. precipitation. Climate classification began to be proposed as early as the 19th century, around the 70s. Professor of Moscow State University B.P. Alisova spoke about 7 types of climate that make up their own climatic zone. In her opinion, only four climatic zones can be called the main ones, and three zones are transitional.
Equatorial air masses prevail here throughout the year. At a time when the sun is directly above the belt, and these are the days of spring and autumn equinox, the equatorial belt is hot, the temperature reaches approximately 28 degrees above zero. The water temperature is not much different from the air temperature, about 1 degree. There is a lot of precipitation here, about 3000 mm. Evaporation is low here, so there are many wetlands in this belt, as well as many dense moist forests due to waterlogged soil. Precipitation in these areas of the equatorial belt is brought by trade winds, that is, rainy winds. This type of climate is located over the north of South America, over the Gulf of Guinea, over the Congo River and the upper Nile, as well as over almost the entire Indonesian archipelago, over parts of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which are located in Asia and over the shores of Lake Victoria, which is located in Africa.
This type of climate zone is located simultaneously in the southern and northern hemispheres. This type of climate is divided into continental and oceanic tropical climate. The mainland is located above larger area areas of high pressure, therefore, there is little precipitation in this belt, approximately 250 mm. It is a hot summer here, so the air temperature rises to 40 degrees above zero. In winter, the temperature never drops below 10 degrees above zero. There are no clouds in the sky, so this climate is characterized by cold nights. Daily temperature differences are quite large, so this contributes to the high destruction of rocks. Due to the large disintegration of rocks, a huge amount of dust and sand is formed, which subsequently forms sandstorms. These storms pose a potential danger to humans. The western and eastern parts of the mainland climate differ a lot. Since cold currents flow along the western coast of Africa, Australia, and therefore the air temperature here is much lower, there is little precipitation, about 100 mm. If you look at the east coast, then warm currents flow here, therefore, the air temperature is higher and there is more precipitation. This area is quite suitable for tourism.
This type of climate is somewhat similar to the equatorial climate, the only difference is that there is less cloud cover and strong, steady winds. The summer air temperature here does not rise above 27 degrees, and in winter it does not fall below 15 degrees. The period for precipitation here is predominantly summer, but there are very few of them, about 50 mm. This arid area in the summer is filled with tourists and guests of coastal cities.
Precipitation here is frequent and occurs throughout the year. This happens under the influence of westerly winds. In summer, the air temperature does not rise above 28 degrees, and in winter it reaches -50 degrees. There is a lot of precipitation on the coasts - 3000 mm, and in the central regions - 1000 mm. Vivid changes occur when the seasons change. The temperate climate is formed in two hemispheres - northern and southern and is located above the temperate latitude. The area of low pressure prevails here.
This type of climate is divided into sub-climates: maritime and continental.
The maritime subclimate prevails in the western part of North America, Eurasia and South America. The wind is brought from the ocean to the mainland. From this we can conclude that the summer here is cool (+20 degrees), but the winter is relatively warm and mild (+5 degrees). There is a lot of precipitation - up to 6000 mm in the mountains.
Continental subclimate - prevails in the central regions. There is less precipitation here, since cyclones practically do not pass here. In summer, the temperature is about +26 degrees, and in winter it is quite cold -24 degrees with a large snow cover. In Eurasia, the continental subclimate is pronounced only in Yakutia. Winters are cold with little rainfall. This is because in the interior of Eurasia, areas are least affected by the ocean and ocean winds. On the coast, under the influence of a large amount of precipitation, frost softens in winter, and heat softens in summer.
There is also a monsoon subclimate that prevails in Kamchatka, Korea, northern Japan, and part of China. This subtype is expressed by the frequent change of monsoons. Monsoons are winds that, as a rule, bring rain to the mainland and always blow from the ocean to land. Winters are cold due to cold winds, and summers are rainy. Rains or monsoons bring winds here from Pacific Ocean. On the island of Sakhalin and Kamchatka, precipitation is not small, about 2000 mm. Air masses in all temperate climates are only moderate. Due to the high humidity of these islands, with 2000 mm of precipitation per year for an unaccustomed person, acclimatization in this area is necessary.
This type of climate forms two belts: Antarctic and Arctic. All year round polar air masses dominate here. During the polar night in this type of climate there is no sun for several months, and during the polar day it does not go away at all, but shines for several months. The snow cover here never melts, and the ice and snow that radiate heat carry constant cold air into the air. Here the strength of the winds is weakened and there are no clouds at all. There is catastrophically little precipitation here, but particles resembling needles are constantly flying in the air. Precipitation here is a maximum of 100 mm. In summer, the air temperature does not exceed 0 degrees, and in winter it reaches -40 degrees. In summer, periodic drizzle prevails in the air. When traveling to this area, you may notice that the face is a little prickly with frost, so the temperature seems to be higher than it really is.
All the types of climates discussed above are considered basic, because here the air masses correspond to these belts. There are also intermediate types of climates, which carry the prefix "sub" in their name. In such types of climate, air masses are replaced by the characteristic of the coming seasons. They move from nearby belts. Scientists explain this by the fact that when the Earth moves around its axis, the climatic zones shift alternately, then to the south, then to the north.
Here in the summer equatorial masses come, and in winter time dominated by tropical masses. There is a lot of precipitation only in summer - about 3000 mm, but despite this, the sun is merciless here and the air temperature reaches +30 degrees all summer. Winter is cool. In this climatic zone, there is good airflow and drainage of the soil. The air temperature here reaches +14 degrees and in terms of precipitation, there are very few of them in winter. Good drainage of the soil does not allow water to stagnate and form swamps, as in the equatorial type of climate. This type of climate makes it possible to settle. Here are states that are populated by people to the limit, for example, India, Ethiopia, Indochina. Many cultivated plants grow here, which are exported to various countries. In the north of this belt are Venezuela, Guinea, India, Indochina, Africa, Australia, South America, Bangladesh and other states. In the south are the Amazon, Brazil, northern Australia and the center of Africa.
Tropical air masses predominate here in summer, and in winter they come here from temperate latitudes and carry a large amount of precipitation. Summer is dry and hot, and the temperature reaches +50 degrees. Winter is very mild maximum temperature-20 degrees. Low rainfall, about 120 mm. The Mediterranean climate prevails in the west, characterized by hot summers and rainy winters. This area is different in that it receives slightly more rainfall. Approximately 600 mm of precipitation falls here annually. This area is favorable for resorts and people's lives in general. Among the crops grown here are grapes, citrus fruits and olives. Monsoon winds prevail here. In winter it is dry and cold, and in summer it is hot and humid. Precipitation here is approximately 800 mm per year. In the forest, monsoons blow from the sea to land and carry precipitation, while in winter the winds blow from land to sea. This type of climate is pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere and in the east of Asia. Vegetation here grows well thanks to abundant rains. Also, thanks to abundant rains, agriculture is well developed here, which gives life to the local population.
Summers here are cool and humid. The temperature rises to the limits of +10, and the precipitation is about 300 mm. On the mountain slopes, the amount of precipitation is greater than on the plains. The swampiness of the territory indicates a low weathering of the territory, and there are also a large number of lakes. Winters here are quite long and cold, and the temperature reaches -50 degrees. The boundaries of the poles are not even, this is what indicates the uneven heating of the Earth and the diversity of the relief.
Arctic air dominates here, and the snow crust does not melt. In winter, the air temperature reaches -71 degrees below zero. In summer, the temperature can rise only to -20 degrees. There are very few rainfalls here.
In these climatic zones, the air masses change from arctic, which prevail in winter, to moderate air masses, which dominate in summer. Winter here lasts 9 months, and it is quite cold, as the average air temperature drops to -40 degrees. In summer, on average, the temperature is around 0 degrees. For this type of climate, there is a high humidity, which is approximately 200 mm, and a rather low evaporation of moisture. The winds here are strong and blow frequently in the area. This type of climate is located on the northern coast of North America and Eurasia, as well as Antarctica and the Aleutian Islands.
In such a climatic zone, winds from the west prevail over the rest, and monsoons blow from the east. If the monsoons blow, then the precipitation depends on how far the area is from the sea, as well as on the terrain. The closer to the sea, the more precipitation falls. The northern and western parts of the continents carry a lot of precipitation, while in the southern parts there is very little. Winter and summer are very different here, there are also differences in the climate on land and at sea. The snow cover here lasts only a couple of months, in winter the temperature differs significantly from the summer air temperature.
The temperate zone consists of four climatic zones: the marine climatic zone (enough warm winter and rainy summers), the continental climate zone (a lot of precipitation falls in summer), the monsoon climate zone (cold winters and rainy summers), as well as the transitional climate from the maritime climate zone to the continental climate zone.
The tropics are usually dominated by hot and dry air. Between winter and summer periods, the difference in temperature is large and even very significant. In summer, the average temperature is +35 degrees, and in winter +10 degrees. Large temperature differences here are manifested between day and night temperatures. In the tropical type of climate, there is little rainfall, a maximum of 150 mm per year. On the coasts, there is more precipitation, but not much, since moisture comes to land from the ocean.
In the subtropics, the air is drier in summer than in winter. In winter it is more humid. Summer here is very hot, as the air temperature rises to +30 degrees. In winter, the air temperature is rarely below zero degrees, so even in winter it is not particularly cold here. When snow falls, it melts very quickly and leaves no snow cover. There is little precipitation here - about 500 mm. There are several climatic zones in the subtropics: the monsoon, which brings rain from the ocean to land and on the coast, the Mediterranean, which is characterized by a large amount of precipitation, and the continental, in which there is much less precipitation and it is more arid and warm.
The air temperature averages +28 degrees, and its differences from daytime temperature to nighttime are insignificant. Enough high humidity and light winds are characteristic of this type of climate. Precipitation here falls every year 2000 mm. A couple of rainy periods are followed by less rainy periods. The equatorial climatic zone is located in the Amazon, on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, Africa, on the Malay Peninsula, on the islands of New Guinea.
On both sides of the equatorial climate zone are subequatorial belts. In summer, the equatorial type of climate prevails here, and in winter - tropical and dry. That is why there is more precipitation in summer than in winter period. On the slopes of the mountains, precipitation even exceeds the limits and reaches 10,000 mm per year, and this is all thanks to the heavy rains that dominate here all year round. The average temperature is around 30 degrees. The difference between winter and summer is greater than in the equatorial type of climate. The subequatorial type of climate is located in the highlands of Brazil, New Guinea and South America, as well as in Northern Australia.
To date, there are three criteria for climate classification:
Based on certain indicators, the following types of climate can be distinguished:
In general, on earth, climatic zones naturally alternate, but they are not always pronounced. In addition, the features of the climate depend on the relief and terrain. In the zone where the anthropogenic influence is most pronounced, the climate will differ from the conditions natural objects. It should be noted that over time, this or that climatic zone undergoes changes, climatic indicators change, which leads to changes in ecosystems on the planet.
The climate is decisive for geographical location natural zones. Where dry and hot deserts form, where it rains all year round and the sun shines - lush vegetation equatorial forests. But, in one climatic zone there may be boundaries of several natural zones.
Let's look at the table first.
Table "Natural zones of climatic zones"
All year round it is very hot and there are tropical rains. The average temperature in winter is +15°, in summer about 30°. More than 2000 mm of precipitation falls annually. There is no clear distribution for the seasons, all months are warm and humid.
Winter is tropical, summer is equatorial. Two periods are pronounced: droughts in winter and rainy season in summer. About 500 mm of precipitation falls annually. The average temperature in winter is +10°, in summer about 26°.
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Rice. 1. Drought in the savannah
Arid climate, a bright change in temperature is observed throughout the day. In winter, it can even be below zero at night. In summer, the sun warms dry air by 40-45°C.
Rice. 2. Freezing in the desert
Winter is moderate, summer is dry. Even in the warm period of the year, the air temperature can drop to minus at night. Precipitation falls mainly in winter - up to 500 mm per year. feature steppe zone are cold penetrating winds blowing from the north.
Characterized by pronounced winters (with snow) and hot summers. Precipitation falls evenly throughout the year.
Rice. 3. Winter in the deciduous forest
It is characterized by cold dry winters, but hot summers that last 4-5 months. Precipitation falls approximately 1000 mm. in year. The average temperature in January is 25°, in summer +16°.
The climate is harsh. Winter is long, cold, dry, about 9 months. Summer is short. Arctic winds often blow.
Eternal winter zone. Summer is very short and cold.
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Climatic zones are continuous or discontinuous areas that are parallel to the latitudes of the planet. They differ among themselves in the circulation of air flows and the number solar energy. The terrain, proximity to or are also important climate-forming factors.
According to the classification of the Soviet climatologist B.P. Alisov, there are seven main types of Earth's climate: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate and two polar (one each in the hemispheres). In addition, Alisov identified six intermediate belts, three in each hemisphere: two subequatorial, two subtropical, as well as subarctic and subantarctic.
Arctic and Antarctic climate zone on the world map
The polar region adjacent to North Pole called the Arctic. It includes the territory of the Arctic Ocean, margins and Eurasia. The belt is represented by icy and, which are characterized by long severe winters. The maximum summer temperature is +5°C. arctic ice affect the climate of the Earth as a whole, preventing it from overheating.
The Antarctic belt is located in the very south of the planet. Nearby islands are also under his influence. The cold pole is located on the mainland, so winter temperatures average -60°C. Summer figures do not rise above -20°C. The territory is in the zone Arctic deserts. The mainland is almost completely covered with ice. Land areas are found only in the coastal zone.
Subarctic and Subantarctic climate zone on the world map
The subarctic zone includes northern Canada, southern Greenland, Alaska, northern Scandinavia, northern regions of Siberia and Far East. The average winter temperature is -30°C. With coming short summer the mark rises to +20°C. In the north of this climatic zone dominates, which is characterized by high humidity, swampiness and frequent winds. The south is located in the forest-tundra zone. The soil has time to warm up during the summer, so bushes and woodlands grow here.
Within the subantarctic belt are the islands of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. The zone is subject to the seasonal influence of air masses. In winter, arctic air dominates here, and in summer masses come from temperate zone. The average temperature in winter is -15°C. Storms, fogs and snowfalls often occur on the islands. In the cold season, the entire water area is occupied by ice, but with the onset of summer, they melt. Indicators warm months the average is -2°C. The climate can hardly be called favorable. Vegetable world represented by algae, lichens, mosses and herbs.
Temperate climate zone on the world map
In the temperate zone lies a quarter of the entire surface of the planet: North America, and. Its main feature is a clear expression of the seasons of the year. The prevailing air masses give high humidity and low pressure. The average winter temperature is 0°C. In summer, the mark rises above fifteen degrees. Cyclones prevailing in the northern part of the zone provoke snow and rain. Most of the precipitation falls as summer rain.
Territories deep into the continents are prone to droughts. represented by an alternation of forests and arid regions. In the north grows, the flora of which is adapted to low temperatures and high humidity. Gradually it is replaced by a zone of mixed deciduous forests. The strip of steppes in the south encircles all the continents. The zone of semi-deserts and deserts covers the western part of North America and Asia.
Temperate climates are subdivided into the following subtypes:
Subtropical climate zone on the world map
Part of the subtropical zone is Black Sea coast, southwest and , south North and . In winter, the territories are influenced by air moving from the temperate zone. The thermometer rarely drops below zero. In summer, the climate zone is affected by subtropical cyclones, which warm the earth well. Humid air prevails in the eastern part of the continents. There are long summers and mild winters without frost. The western coasts are characterized by dry summers and warm winters.
Temperatures are much higher in the interior regions of the climate zone. The weather is almost always clear. Most of the precipitation falls during the cold period, when the air masses shift to the side. On the coasts, hard-leaved forests grow with an undergrowth of evergreen shrubs. In the northern hemisphere, they are replaced by a zone of subtropical steppes, smoothly flowing into the desert. AT southern hemisphere steppes pass into broad-leaved and deciduous forests. Mountain areas are represented by forest-meadow zones.
In the subtropical climate zone The following subtypes of climate are distinguished:
Tropical climate zone on the world map
The tropical climate zone covers separate territories in everything except Antarctica. An area of high pressure dominates the oceans all year round. Because of this, there is little rainfall in the climate zone. Summer temperatures in both hemispheres exceed +35°C. Average winter temperatures are +10°C. The average daily temperature fluctuation is felt in the interior of the continents.
Most of the time the weather is clear and dry. The bulk of the precipitation falls on winter months. Significant temperature fluctuations provoke dust storms. On the coasts, the climate is much milder: winters are warm, and summers are mild and humid. Strong winds practically absent, precipitation falls in the calendar summer. dominant natural areas are rainforests, deserts and semi-deserts.
The tropical climate zone includes the following climate subtypes:
Subequatorial climatic zone on the world map
The subequatorial climatic zone affects both hemispheres of the Earth. In summer, the zone is influenced by equatorial wet winds. In winter, the trade winds dominate. Average annual temperature is +28°C. Daily temperature fluctuations are insignificant. Most of the precipitation falls in warm time year under the influence of the summer monsoons. The closer to the equator, the more abundant it rains. In summer, most rivers overflow their banks, and in winter they dry up completely.
The flora is represented by monsoon mixed forests, and woodlands. The foliage on the trees turns yellow and falls during the drought period. With the arrival of rains, it is restored. In the open spaces of the savannas, cereals and herbs grow. The plant world adapted to periods of rain and drought. Some remote forest areas have not yet been studied by man.
Equatorial climate zone on the world map
The belt is located on both sides of the equator. The constant flow of solar radiation forms hot climate. On the weather air masses coming from the equator. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is only 3°C. Unlike other climatic zones, the equatorial climate remains virtually unchanged throughout the year. Temperatures do not fall below +27°C. Due to heavy rainfall, high humidity, fogs and clouds are formed. Strong winds are practically absent, which favorably affects the flora.
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Remember
What do you know from the 6th grade geography course about the conditions that determine the climate?
The climate is determined by the latitude of the area (the angle of incidence of sunlight), the nature of the underlying surface, and the general circulation of the atmosphere.
This I know
1. List the main climate-forming factors. What is the most important factor?
The main climate-forming factors are geographic latitude, general atmospheric circulation and the nature of the underlying surface. The most important factor is the geographic latitude of the area.
2. Explain how the underlying surface affects the climate of the territory?
First, different temperature conditions and humidity are formed over the surface of the oceans and land. Over the oceans there is more humidity, less fluctuations in temperature. On land, the climate changes with distance from the coasts inland. At the same time, temperature fluctuations increase, cloudiness and precipitation decrease. Currents influence the climate. Cold currents along the coast make the climate of the coasts cool and very dry. Warm currents make the climate milder. Relief and the absolute height of the terrain play an important role in shaping the climate.
3. Give examples of the influence of remoteness from the oceans on the climate of the territory.
A vivid example of the influence of remoteness from the oceans on climate is the difference between the climate of the coasts and inland regions of Eurasia. The mainland coasts have a mild climate with warm summer and mild winters with frequent thaws. Up to 800 mm of precipitation falls here. The interior regions are characterized by dry, hot summers and very frosty winters with little snow.
4. How does the main climatic zone differ from the transitional one?
In the main climatic zone, one air mass dominates throughout the year. In transitional zones, two air masses replace each other.
This I can
5. On the map "Climatic zones and regions of the Earth" name the main and transitional climatic zones.
Transitional belts have the prefix "sub-" in the name.
6. Determine the type of climate according to the totality of signs: January temperature -10 ... -150С, July +20 ... +250С. precipitation falls throughout the year, but with a summer maximum. The annual amount of precipitation is 250-300 mm. What continents have this type of climate?
This is a temperate continental type of climate. It is represented in Eurasia, North America.
7. Based on the climate diagram (see Figure 35), determine the type of climate.
The climate is characterized by small temperature fluctuations. The air temperature does not fall below 10 0С in winter, summer temperatures - +20…+250С. Precipitation has a winter maximum. Such characteristics may have a subtropical Mediterranean type of climate.
8. Fill in the table
It's interesting to me
9. In what climate zone would you like to go on vacation in summer? What clothes will you especially need when traveling?
To have a rest in the summer I would go to the subtropical Mediterranean climatic zone. The Mediterranean climate is extremely favorable for human life, which is why the most famous summer resorts are located here. Valuable subtropical crops are grown here: citrus fruits, grapes, olives.
When traveling, you will need light clothing made from natural fabrics that would not leave exposed skin, beachwear and hats.
